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Please log in to access our additional functions. With water animals yttrium causes damage to cell membranes, which has several negative influences on reproduction and on the functions of the nervous system. Back to chart periodic elements.
More from 'Elements'. Toggle navigation. Home Periodic table Elements Yttrium. About Lenntech. General Delivery Conditions. Privacy Policy. All rights reserved. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell.
Period A horizontal row in the periodic table. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. Block Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp s , principal p , diffuse d , and fundamental f.
Atomic number The number of protons in an atom. Electron configuration The arrangements of electrons above the last closed shell noble gas. Melting point The temperature at which the solid—liquid phase change occurs. Boiling point The temperature at which the liquid—gas phase change occurs.
Sublimation The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase.
Relative atomic mass The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. Isotopes Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. CAS number The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems.
Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture. Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially.
Atomic radius, non-bonded Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. These values were determined using several different methods.
Covalent radius Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination.
Electron affinity The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. Electronegativity Pauling scale The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. First ionisation energy The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state.
The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0.
The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores.
The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply.
The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators.
Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain.
A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate.
It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site. Copyright of and ownership in the Images reside with Murray Robertson. The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images.
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If you are in any doubt, please ask. Yttrium oxide yttria is added to zirconium oxide zirconia to make an alloy that stabilizes the crystal structure of zirconia, which ordinarily changes with temperature. Synthetic garnets made with an yttrium-aluminum composite were commonly sold in the s as simulated diamonds and other gemstones, but they eventually gave way to the cubic zirconia, Gambogi said.
These days, yttrium aluminum garnets YAG are used as the crystals that amplify light in industrial lasers. Yttrium iron garnets are used for microwave filters, as well as in radar and communication technology. Yttrium is widely used to produce phosphors that are used in cell phones and larger display screens as well as general lighting.
Yttrium in red phosphors in color television tubes led to widespread use in the s and '70s. Fluorescent tubes linear and compact use significantly more yttrium per watt than LED bulbs. The radioactive isotope yttrium is used in radiation therapy to treat liver cancer and some other cancers. Subramanian said that yttrium was easier to work with and less expensive than many other elements. For example, researchers are using yttrium instead of the much more expensive platinum to develop fuel cells.
Scientists at Chalmers University of Technology and Technical University of Denmark are using yttrium and other rare earth metals in nanoparticle form, which may one day eliminate the need for fossil fuels and advance the efficiency of battery-powered cars.
Yttrium-based superconductivity research continues around the world.
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